Date of Thesis

Spring 2024

Description

Steep, gravel-bedded rivers are important sites for studying gravel abrasion, where material transported as bed load experiences size reduction and rounding due to grain-to-grain collisions. Studying fine sediment (diameter) abrasion and grain shape changes in fluvial systems is more challenging due to difficulties in quantifying sediment shape at this scale, but it is assumed that fine particles traveling in suspension do not experience abrasion. Improvements in particle characterization technology now allow for the accurate, rapid quantification of particle shape for sediments as fine as 0.8 μm through dynamic image analysis. Here we use the Camsizer X2 (CX2) to test the null hypothesis that fine-grained sediments have the same grain shapes along the length of a steep fluvial system. Our study sites are the Lillooet River (British Columbia, Canada) and the Suiattle River (Washington, USA) in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, chosen due to their known point sources of fine-grained sediments near their headwaters. Longitudinal sampling along 60 km of downstream distance (Lillooet River) and 35 km of downstream distance (Suiattle River) was completed through the collection of sediment on the downstream tail of gravel bars. Results show remarkable consistency across average values of shape parameters from all sample sites; volume-based sphericity (SPHT3) ranged from 0.822 to 0.861 (average: 0.848, standard deviation: 0.01), and volume-based Krumbein roundness ranged from 0.295 to 0.383 (average 0.347, standard deviation: 0.026). Shape data analysis shows no significant relationship between fine sediment downstream location and shape parameters in either river system. Results binned by sand size classes indicate slight differences in average form parameter values even across downstream distance; where fine sand consistently has a more spherical average form than medium sand, which in turn has a more spherical average form than coarse sand (SPHT3 of 0.865, 0.843, 0.811, respectively). Point counts of 100 grains across the three size classes for six Lillooet River samples shows a higher abundance of lithic fragments in coarser grain sizes. Thus, finer sands are more quartz-rich and rounded compared to coarser, lithic-dominated, more angular sands - contrary to all traditional, a-priori interpretations of mineral resistance to abrasion in fluvial transport. Complex interrelations between particle size, shape, and composition likely lead to this result, impacted by mechanical wear through grain breakages, hydraulic sorting, or differing source rock sizes and shapes. Overall, linear trends and consistencies across shape parameters cannot reject the null hypothesis and suggests that fine sediments do not experience abrasion in steep, gravel-bedded rivers. This result is consistent with previous studies in sandbedded rivers and supports the assumption that shape changes in sediment(Liang and Yang, 2023) shows similar form parameter values in the sand of fluvial environments derived from mountains, and a similar relationship between grain shape and size. These results and interpretations show the potential of distinguishing these fluvial environments from aeolian or beach environments through rapid, large-scale measures of grain shape.

Keywords

Grain shape, fine sediments, abrasion, fluvial geomorphology, sedimentology

Access Type

Honors Thesis

Degree Type

Bachelor of Arts

Major

Geology

Second Major

Environmental Science

Minor, Emphasis, or Concentration

History

First Advisor

Ellen Chamberlin

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